La verdad esencial [entrevista a 11 poetas bolivianos] diario Los Tiempos

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Spanish America; or A descriptive, historical, and geographical account of the dominions of Spain... vol. 2

En 1776, con las Reformas Borbónicas y tras el extrañamiento de la Compañía de Jesús de los territorios de Moxos y Chiquitos,  la Audiencia de Charcas pasó a formar parte del Virreinato del Río de la Plata; un extenso territorio que incluía los actuales Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, sur de Brasil, Argentina e Islas Malvinas.  En este atlas geográfico editado en 1818 en Londres se vuelve a comprobar que Bolivia (Audiencia de Charcas) contaba con acceso al Océano Pacífico; o lo que es lo mismo, para la comunidad científica internacional y sus gobiernos (lo mismo que para la administración colonial española) los límites de Chile con Bolivia siempre estuvieron claros y el desierto y costa de Atacama siempre estuvieron bajo la jurisdición de Potosí. No fue sino hasta después de creadas las repúblicas independientes y con el descubrimiento de minas y yacimientos de huano en las costas que Chile desconoció el utis posidetis iure acordado por los libertadores Bolívar y San Martín en 1810 y bajo la llamada Doctrina Portales desconoció los límites con que habían nacido las repúblicas vecinas, desarrolló una política expansionista agresiva y desconoció de facto las fronteras establecidas desde los tiempos del Incario de la mano de empresarios ingleses.

Spanish America; or A descriptive, historical, and geographical account of the dominions of Spain in the Western hemisphere, continental and insular; illustrated by a map of Spanish North America, and the West-India islands; a map of Spanish South America, and an engraving, representing the comparative altitudes of the mountains in those regions (1818)

CONTENTS

OF

THE SECOND VOLUME,

PART II.

SOUTH AMERICAN DOMINIONS.

(CONTINUED.)

　
CAPTAIN GENERALSHIP OF CARACCAS, Boundaries and Extent .....Page 1
Political and Territorial Divisions, Government ............................................. 2
Discovery, History ............................................................................................ 2
Capital................................................................................................................ 4
Description of the FeMures, &c. of the Country .............................................. 8
Province of New Andalusia .............................................................................. 18
New Barcelona 18 Features, Climate, &c. ........................................................ 25
Province of Venezuela and Coro ...................................................................... 43
Maracaybo ........................................................................................................ 58
Varinas .............................................................................................................. 65
Spanish Guiana ................................................................................................. 69
Government of the Island of Margarita ........................................................... 73
VlCEROYALTY OF PERU ................................................................................ 75
Extent and Boundaries .................................................................................... 75
Political and Territorial Divisions, Government, &c. ...................................... 76
Discovery, History, &c. ..................................................................................... 83
Intendancy of Truxillo....................................................................................... 120
Tarma ................................................................................................................ 126
Lima .................................................................................................................. 130
Guancavelica ..................................................................................................... 134
　
IV CONTENTS. VICEROYALTY Of PERU (continued.)
Intendancy of Guamanga ........................................................................ Page 138
Cuzco ................................................................................................................ 140
Arequipa ........................................................................................................... 147
VlCEROYALTY OF BUENOS AYRES OR LA PLATA,
Boundaries and Extent .................................................................................... 155
Political and Territorial Divisions, Government,
History, Discovery, &c. .................................................................................... 156
Features, Climate, &c. ...................................................................................... 161
Commerce and Resources ............................................................................... 167
Government of Los Charcas or Potosi ............................................................. 171
Paraguay ........................................................................................................... 195
History, Discovery, &c. ..................................................................................... 195
Tucuman ........................................................................................................... 204
Cuyo or Cujo ..................................................................................................... 215
Buenos Ayres .................................................................................................... 220
History, &c. ....................................................................................................... 220
Climate, Features, &c. ...................................................................................... 222
CAPTAIN GENERALSHIP OF CHILI .............................................................. 230
Extent and Boundaries ..................................................................................... 230
Political and Territorial Divisions and Govern ment ....................................... 231
Discovery and History ....................................................................................... 231
Climate, Features, &c. ....................................................................................... 245
Population 253 Animals ................................................................................... 253
Continental Provinces of Chili ......................................................................... 264
Province of Copiapo ......................................................................................... 265
Coquimbo ......................................................................................................... 265
Quillota ............................................................................................................ 267
Aconcagua ........................................................................................................ 269
Melipilla ........................................................................................................... 270
Santiago ............................................................................................................ 271
Rancagua .......................................................................................................... 272
Colchagua ......................................................................................................... 273
Maule ............................................................................................................... 274
Itata ................................................................................................................. 276
Chilian ............................................................................................................. 276
Puchacay ......................................................................................................... 277
Huilquilemu ................................................................................................... 279
INSULAR CHILI ............................................................................................ 282
Archipelago of Chiloe .................................................................................... 283
ARAUCAHIA OR INDIAN CHILI ........................................................ Page 287
ISJLANDS ON THE COASTS of Spanish South America ............................ 294
Plate and Description of comparative Altitudes of the Mountains .............. 301
List of Works on or relating to Spanish America,
quoted in this publication, &c. ...................................................................... 305
Table of the Latitudes and Longitudes of the principal Places .................... 311
Summary of the Population .......................................................................... 319
Wealth and Revenue ..................................................................................... 320

Leyenda del vendedor:

Printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown,

1818. xxix, 336 pp.; v, 357 p Illus. with 2 folding maps and 1 engraving. 8vo. Original plain blue boards with tan paper spine, paper spine labels. First edition. "Illustrated by a Map of Spanish North America, and the West-India Islands; a Map of Spanish South America, and an Engraving, representing the Comparative Altitudes of the Mountains in those Regions." Richard Henry Bonnycastle (1791-1847), an officer of the British army, "compiled his work with considerable care from the writings of Humboldt, and from the standard early Spanish books upon the American colonies. His volumes present a very useful summary of the condition of old Spanish America at the time when the several colonies began their career as independent states," (Larned, p. 443). Vol. I, includes Florida; New Spain (inc. New Mexico; California; Sonora, Cinaloa, etc.); Guatimala; Various Islands; and New Granada. Vol. II., contains Peru; Buenos Ayres; and Chili. Provenance: Library of James Torr Harmer, with his bookplate. Uncommon in original binding. Spines darkened and rubbed with small chips along backstrips, boards edgeworn with some soiling and small dampstains; small red glue dots on front pastedown of Vol. I; owner's bookplate on front pastedowns, leaves untrimmed, some soiling and light foxing at the margins, occasional offsetting, but overall still very good. Sabin 6333. Palau 32836. Spain & Spanish America I: 100 (1819). Lowndes I: 235. Larned 3909. Hill p. 53. (#35015) http://www.kaaterskillbooks.com/shop/kaaterskill/35015.html (18:36 Bogotá 19.07.2013)

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VICEROYALTY OF BUENOS AYRES, OR LA PLATA. 　

BOUNDARIES AND EXTENT.

THIS government is the most extensive and one of the richest kingdoms of the New World. It is bounded on the north by the vast steppe of the Amazons, or, according to some authorities, by that noble river itself; on the east the territories of the Portuguese and the Atlantic ocean are its limits; oil the west it is divided by the Andes from Peru and Chili, having also a province bor-
 

　
[156] SOUTH AMERICA.

dering on the South Sea; and on the south its bounds are the Pampas and Patagonia* From Cape Lobos in the Atlantic, to the most northerly settlements on the Paraguay its extent maybe estimated at 1600 miles; and from Cape St. Antony, the mouth of the Plata, to the Andes of Chili, its breadth is at least 1000 miles.

　

POLITICAL AND TERRITORIAL DIVISIONS, &C.

THIS country was erected into a viceroyalty in 1778, and at that time several provinces were added to it from Peru and Chili. At present it is divided into five governments, Los Charcas, Para guay, Tucuman, Cuyo, and Buenos Ayres, which are again subdivided into departments and dis tricts. The whole is governed by a viceroy, whose title is at present disputed, by the capital being in pos session of the insurgent government ; and the ec clesiastical affairs of the country are under the guidance of the archbishop of La Plata, in Char cas, who has six suffragans. Its population is estimated at 1,100,000 Creoles and Spaniards : but the Indians have not been numbered.

　

HISTORY, DISCOVERY, &C.

THE Spaniards claim the honour of first disco vering this country. Juan Dias de Salis, having sailed from Spain with two ships, in 1515, to ex plore Brazil, arrived at the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, and took formal possession of the land : but, deluded by the friendly appearance of the Indians, and being off his guard, he was slain, with the few attendants who had landed with him. In 1526, Sebastian Cabot, then in the Spanish service, also endeavouring to make the coast of Brazil, entered the same river, and discovered an island, which he called St. Gabriel ; advancing about 120

　
[157] BUENOS AYRES.

leagues, lie found a fine river flowing into the great stream, this he named St. Salvador, and causing his fleet to enter this river, disembarked his men, and built a fort, in which he left a garrison, while he proceeded farther up, and also discovered the Paraguay. Having procured much silver from the Indians, particularly the Guaranies, who brought the metal from the eastern parts of Peru, he ima gined that mines existed in the country he was in, and accordingly gave the name of River of Silver, or Rio de la Plata, to the great stream he had sailed up.

The Spaniards soon came to a determination of colonizing this valuable acquisition, and to prevent any interference on the part of the other nations of Europe, Don Pedro de Mendoza was sent from Spain, and founded the city of Buenos Ayres, in 1535. From the early times of the colonization of this country till the establishment of a viceroy- alty, the government was dependent on that of Peru ; though the chief of Buenos Ayres had the title of captain-general. Buenos Ayres continued for a long time almost unknown, all the inhabited parts of the kingdom lying at a distance from the ocean, and by the restrictions put upon its com merce having no other communication with Eu rope than by the annual flota from Spain, it lan guished in indigence and obscurity : but the resources of so extensive and so fertile a territory could not remain for ever concealed ; as the po pulation, and, consequently, in an agricultural country, the riches increased, the constant remon strances of the people at last opened the eyes of the Spanish government to the importance of the colony, a relaxation took place in the system of commercial monopoly which had been hitherto rigorously adhered to, and at last, in order to put a stop to a contraband trade that had been carried to an alarming height, register ships were allowed to sail under a licence from the council of the In-

　
[158] SOUTH AMERICA.

dies at any time of the year. The annual flota dwindled away from 15,000 to 2000 tons of shipping, and, in 1748, they sailed for the last time to Cadiz, after having carried on, for two centuries, the trade of Spanish America.

The register ships now supplied the market with European commodities at a cheaper rate, and at all times of the year ; and Buenos Ayres became from that time a place of importance.

Other relaxations in the mercantile system fol lowed soon after : in 1774 a free trade was al lowed between several of the American ports, and in 1778 seven Spanish sea-ports were declared free, to which in 1788, five others were added, and these were allowed an open trade to Buenos Ayres, and the ports of the Pacific.

The city and the captain-generalship was now advancing with rapid strides into political import ance ; this was rendered stable by the erection of the government into a viceroyalty in 1778 ; and since that time its trade has progressively in creased.

Previous to this epoch, not more than fifteen registered vessels traded to South America, and these not oftener than once in two or three years ; but in 1778, their number at once augmented to 170. They kept gradually increasing till 1797, when the memorable war began between Spain and Great Britain, and a death blow was given to the commerce of Spanish America, for in 1798, it was calculated, that three millions of hides were rotting in the warehouses of Buenos Ayres and Monte Video, for which no vent could be had, so active and vigilant were the British cruizers. Various causes have since contributed to fluctuate the commerce of this government ; sometimes it has risen to an amazing height, whilst at others, owing to foreign causes, or to its own internal convulsions, it has been totally at a stand.

Nothing of any material moment occurs in the

　
[159] BUENOS AYRES.

political history of Buenos Ayres, till the year 1806; when there appeared a British squadron in the Rio de la Plata, from which a body of troops was landed for the purpose of taking the capital ; and this object General Beresford accomplished in a very spirited manner. He had not however had possession of the city for more than six weeks, when he was assailed by such a superiority of force, that his garrison were obliged to surrender on the 12th of August. Reinforcements arriving under Sir Home Popham, from the Cape of Good Hope, Fort Maldonado at the mouth of the La Plata was taken, and Monte Video unsuccessfully besieged- Other troops commanded by Sir SamuelAuchmuty, coming to the assistance of their companions, Monte Video was eventually taken by storm, and here the combined forces waited for a further succour, to resume the attempt on the capital. In May, 1807, these succours arrived, under General Whitelocke, who assumed the chief command, and was joined on the 15th of June by General Craw ford. The army now amounting to 8000 men sailed up the river, and disembarking below the capital, marched towards it. But no sooner had they entered the place, than they were assailed from all quarters, with a tremendous fire of grape and musquetry. The subsequent results are welt known ; a convention was entered into, and the British troops evacuated the territories of the viceroyalty.

When Sir Samuel Auchmuty took Monte Video, the people of Buenos Ayres were in a state of ferment. They assembled an extraordinary junta, and deposed their viceroy, Sobremonte, placing in his seat, Don Santiago Liniers, a French emigrant, who had headed the military force, which retook the metropolis, on the 12th August, 1806. This man had sunk himself by a propensity for gambling into a state of great obscurity; but when the British landed in the country, his superior military

　
[160] SOUTH AMERICA.

talents, at one placed him above the inactive and ignorant Spanish officers, who composed the army of the viceroyalty, and by his success in retaking the capital, the/populace looked upon him as the only man fit to guide them to repel the second attack, which they were in constant expectation of; thus rose Liniers to the highest station, which could be obtained in a country, where a very short time before, he had been unknown. But his reign lasted not long, attempting to thrust on the people the yoke of Buonaparte, they began to doubt his sincerity ; and aided by Xavier Elio, who had been, dispatched from the junta of Cadiz, to assume the vice-regal title, and who had succeeded in getting possession of Monte Video, they became turbulent.

To quell this spirit, Liniers sent an expedition against Monte Video ; but while this was going on, Don Josef de Goyeneche arrived from Spain, to endeavour to mediate between the newly formed parties. He caused the inhabitants of Buenos Ayres to proclaim Ferdinand the Seventh ; ad vising at the same time, that a junta should be immediately formed. So powerful were his measures, that on the 1st of January 1809, the people rose in all parts of the city, and demanded the esta blishment of a junta. They were however dis persed, and the leaders punished by the troops who remained faithful to Liniers.

But this temporary triumph was not of long continuance, as in August, 1809, Cisneros, the new viceroy, arrived from Spain, and Liniers was deposed by the junta, which now solemnly declared their rights. Liniers was then exiled to Cordova, but the spirit of insurrection had spread itself too widely by this time to admit of the new viceroy continuinglongin the exercise of his functions; com motion succeeded to commotion, and on the 26th of May, 1810, a provisional government assembled itself; deposed the new viceroy and sent him to Spain ; against this measure the interior provinces

　
[161] BUENOS AYRES.

and Monte Video protested. Liniers formed an army in the neighbourhood of his retreat, and in Potosi another assembled under General Nieto. To check these, a force marched from Buenos Ayres ; Liniers and Nieto were defeated, and themselves and six of their principal officers beheaded.

This violent measure did not extinguish the loyal feelings of the natives of the kingdom ; a force was put in motion in Paraguay, under the governor Velasco, who was however taken prisoner and sent to Buenos Ayres, but Monte Video still remained firm in her allegiance to Spain, and re pelled every attempt of the new government. Since this period Monte Video has been taken possession of by the Portuguese. Buenos Ayres, though threatened with a counter-revolution, still retains its provisional government ; the mines of Potosi are in the hands of the viceroy of Peru ; the greater part of Paraguay is quiet, and the spirit of insurrection is chiefly confined to the capital; which furnishes a great number of privateers that much annoy the Spanish merchant vessels trading to Peru and the coasts of the Pacific. It would be endless to recount the different actions which have taken place between the royal troops and the in surgents, or between the city of Monte Video and that of Buenos Ayres ; but the latter have been generally victorious, and the privateers of this new government still dare to show their flag in the Pacific, and to keep the coasts of Chili and Peru in constant alarm.

　
FEATURES, CLIMATE, &C.

BUENOS AYRES presents on its eastern territories a tract of land so nearly level that many of its prin cipal rivers, unable to roll themselves forward with sufficient impetus, form large shallow lakes, and it has been calculated that the great Paraguay in its course southward does not fall above one foot

　
[162] SOUTH AMERICA.
in height between the 18th and 22d degrees of south latitude.

These immense levels are covered with a strong and luxuriant herbage, which pastures innumera ble herds of half-wild horses and cattle. No hill or swelling rises in this expanse to a greater elevation than 600 feet above the plain, so that if placed on one of these eminences, the eye wanders over a space resembling the ocean, uninterrupted, save by the dark spots formed here and there by the graze- ing cattle, or by the travelling waggons and escorts.

But on the west the viceroyalty offers a very dif ferent scene, a vast chain of mountains, whose summits are lost in the frozen regions of the air, elevate their eternal barriers between the plains of the La Plata, and the kingdoms of Peru and Chili. From this the main chain of the Andes, a second ary Cordillera, branches out between 15 and 20 of south latitude, and traversing the province of Chiquitos, it appears to, and in fact does connect the Andes of Peru and Chili with the mountain country of Brazil and Paraguay.

From it flow, on the north, the rivers that empty themselves into the Maranon, whilst its southern flank supplies the streams which swell the La Plata. This chain, named the Cordillera of Chiquitos, has not been explored by any scientific traveller, and being inhabited by savage nations, its structure and disposition are almost unknown.

The next remarkable features of this interesting country are its lakes and rivers. In the flat plains of La Plata the Los Xarayes is formed by the collected waters of the torrents which flow, during the rainy season, from the mountains of Chiquitos, and the Pa- raguay swelling over its banks at that period, in undates an expanse of flat land under the 17 of south latitude to an extent of 330 miles in length, and 120 in breadth ; but when the waters of the Paraguay abate, this lake becomes a marsh infested with mul titudes of alligators. Its banks swarm with jaguars, pumas, monkeys, stags, &c. and with venomous

　
[163] BUENOS AIRES.

Reptiles and insects. It is never navigable for any other vessels than canoes and small barks, in which the Portuguese cross it from their settlements in Cuyaba. Besides this lake there are many others of great size, formed in a similar manner, such as Aguaracatay, in the 25th degree, Ypoa in the 26th degree, and Neembuco in the 27th degree of south latitude.

There are also several smaller ones which are formed by the inability of the rivers to continue their course without inundating the land in the vicinity of their banks to find an outlet; these are perma* nent, but generally of no depth, such as Mandiha in 25° 20', Ypacary in 25° 23' , and the Iberi between the 20th and 29th degree of south latitude.

This last lake gives rise to three rivers which fall into the Great Parana ; viz. the Sta. Lucia, the Batela and the Corrientes from its south-west extre mity, and to the Mirinay, which taking a south-east course falls into the Uruguay.

Lake Iberi is shallow and filled with aquatic plants, but is diversified with islands, on which feed deer and other animals ; these islands are unlike the plain surrounding the lake, being in general covered with wood, and many settlements have been made on its banks, which are in beautiful situa tions, supplied with plenty of game, and fish, and it overflows twice a year.

Titicaca

or Chucuito is not only among the largest but the most remarkable lakes of La Plata. It is situated between the two Cordilleras of the Andes, in the north-west part of Los Charcas, and being formed by the surrounding mountains, has no out let, and is in some parts from 420 to 480 feet in depth : its circumference is about 240 miles, con taining many islands, of which Titicaca the largest, is three leagues long and one wide, and is famous as having been the supposed residence of Manco Capac.

This lake is navigable for the largest vessels, but

　
[164] SOUTH AMERICA.

is subject to dreadful storms owing to the tremen dous gusts of wind which rush from the Andes.

The rivers of Buenos Ayres are innumerable, but the largest and the most noted is the Rio DE LA PLATA, which may be termed the great channel by which the south-eastern part of America is drained. This noble stream is the conjunct flood of the Pa- raguay, the Pilcomayo, the Parana, the Uraguay, and a multitude of minor rivers which rise either in the Andes or the mountains of Brazil.

It was first discovered by Juan de Salis in 1515, who sailed up as far as an island in 34 40 south latitude. The distance from the confluence of the Parana arid Paraguay to the mouth of the La Plata is 600 miles ; but if the length of any of the three great streams is added, the La Plata will not yield in magnitude of course to the Amazons or to the Orinoco.

The Paraguay is generally supposed to be the original river ; this stream rises in 13° south latitude in the mountains, forty leagues north of the Portuguese town of Cuyaba, and on the oppo site side of the chain in which rises the Arinos, a broad navigable river flowing into the Maranon. The sources of the Paraguay are very numerous, forming, soon after their issue, large rivers, and successively joining into one stream, under the name of the Paraguay. In 16° 24' south latitude, seven leagues from Villa Bella, the Jauru flows into this river, and is noted as being the point where a fine marble pyramid is erected, which was brought from Lisbon, and denotes, by several inscriptions, that this place is the boundary of Brazil and Spa nish America. From its sources to this point the Paraguay has a navigation interrupted only by one fall ; and the lofty chain of mountains in which this river rises, are terminated seven leagues below the pyramid, in south latitude 16° 43' by a point called Morro Excalvado. East of this cape all is marsh ; nine leagues further south, the Rio Nuevo

　
[165] BUENOS AYRES.

joins the Paraguay ; this river was only discovered in 1786. In 17° 33' the west or Spanish banks of the great river again become mountainous, and three leagues to the south of this parallel there is a deep break in the chain which forms the mouth of lake Gaiba, which is connected with another named Uberava ; six leagues and a half below the mouth of the Gaiba, and opposite the mountain bank the St. Lourenco or Porrudos enters the Paraguay from Brazil. This river receives several very large ones, such as the Cuyaba, the Paraiba, the Jaquari, and the Itaquiri. The Itaquiri rises near the. great Parana in Brazil, and allowing only for a short portage, canoes actually circumnavigate the country included between the Parana and the Paraguay.

The mountains continue on the western banks under different names ; on the eastern bank the river receives the Taquari by many estuaries, the largest of which is in 19 15 south latitude, and 54 degrees west longitude. Five leagues lower, and on the same side, the Embotctieu or Mondego, flows into the Paraguay, one league below the mouth of which two high capes front each other, and here, at the foot of the mountain, on the west, is Fort Nueva Coimbra, the last and southernmost Portuguese settlement on the Paraguay, which, after bounding the possessions of the two nations from the pyramid of Jaura, becomes wholly a Spa nish river, after passing Bahia Negra, a large inlet eleven leagues south of Coimbra.

Thence the river continues to south latitude 21°, where, on the west bank, on a hill named Miguel Josef, the Spaniards have a station with lour pieces of cannon, named Fort Bourbon, and previous to reaching this fort, the little river Guirino flows into it from the east. In south latitude 21° 22' the river forms two channels by passing an island, and the banks are here high on both sides, the interior being very mountainous. At this point the great inundations of the river which com-

　
[166] SOUTH AMERICA.

menced at the mouth of the Jaura, and have re ceived the name of Lake Los Xarayes terminate.

During the rainy season, the channel of the Paraguay is here confounded with those of its tri butary streams, in such a manner that it is difficult to find. The banks of the river continue high ; and in 22° 5' south latitude, it receives a large river from the west, and twenty leagues south of this, the Corientes joins its streams.

The Xexuy flows into it from the east in 24 11 from thence the Paraguay runs southwards for thirty-two leagues to the city of Asuncion, the capital of Paraguay.

Six leagues below Asuncion, the first mouth of the great Pilcomayo joins the main river, its second mouth being fourteen or sixteen leagues lower. In the intermediate space on the eastern side several small rivers join, and on one of them, the Tibiquari, at 20 leagues south-east of Asuncion is Villa Rica, a fine Spanish town. The Rio Vermelho enters the west bank of the Paraguay in 26° 50' on which, in the interior, is the town of Salto. The stream of the Paraguay, being now augmented by the Pilco- mayo, proceeds with increased rapidity and volume to 27° 25' , where the immense body of waters, (much larger than itself) of the Parana join it, and their united streams take the name of the Rio de la Plata, and continue their course by an im mense channel to the south, forming several islands, and receiving many noble streams, till it has pass ed the thirty-fourth degree of south latitude, when, it begins to take an easterly course, and after receiving the great Uruguay or River of the Missions above Buenos Ayres, it flows with a steady find majestic course, and by an immense estuary into the Atlantic ocean, The cape Santa Maria on the north, and St. Antonio on the south side of its mouth are 180 miles distant from each other, in 35° 30' south latitude; but the navigation of this fine river is interrupted by banks, rocks and islands,

　
[167] BUENOS AYRES.

and is rendered dangerous by violent winds, which, sweeping with great velocity over the plains, cause perfect hurricanes in the La Plata. It is even said that the storms are more frequent than at sea, and it requires very little nautical knowledge to know that they must be infinitely more dangerous than on that element. The water of the ocean is fresh at a great distance from the La Plata, owing to the rapidity with which that river discharges itself.

The other noted streams and features of Buenos Ayres will be noticed in the description of the different provinces.

　
COMMERCE AND RESOURCES.

SINCE the attachment of several of the Peruvian provinces to this government, the commerce and resources of the country are greatly enlarged and altered. From being merely an agricultural state, it has now become possessed of some of the richest mines in America. The districts which supply the most considerable quantities of the precious metal are Potosi, Changata, Porco, Oruro, Chucuito, La Paz and Carangas, and the mountains of Anauca, near Carabaya, and Asangara, north east of lake Titicaca, were celebrated in the first years of the conquest for their gold mines.

The annual produce of the mines of Buenos Ayres is estimated at 882,000/., including those of Caylloma in Arequipa, which are said to be at tached to the government of La Plata. This pro duce is nearly all silver. The quantity that has annually paid the fifth being in fine gold 2200 marcs, and in fine silver 414,000 marcs, or 4,21 2,400 piastres. Its contraband trade in these metals has also been estimated at 6y,000 marcs, most of which passes to Europe by the Rio de la Plata, while in Peru, by the Amazons and the South

　

[168] SOUTH AMERICA.

Sea, the same unlawful trade carries away 100,000 marcs.

The trade of Buenos Ayres consists in these metals, and in exports of salt beefi tallow, fine furs, sea wolf-skins, wool, sheep-skins, flour, oil, copper, hides, &c. ; to the interior provinces of Peru it sends Paraguay tea, swan skins, negro slaves, thread, &c., in exchange for sugar, cacao, cinnamon, rice, indigo, cotton, oil, .pimento, wax, baize, woollen goods, quicksilver, &c.

From Europe La Plata receives linens, woollens, silks, cottons, hats, iron, &c., and the imports may be estimated, in average years, at 758;400/., whilst its exports amount, in agricultural produce, to 434,000/., and in gold and silver to 1,183,400/., thus forming a total of I,6l7,400 sterling. It formerly remitted 700,000 piastres, at 4s. 4td. each, to the royal coffers : but since the late struggle its expences have been so great in maintaining the insurgent cause, that it can hardly defray them ; especially since the viceroy of Peru has taken pos session of the richest mines for the king.

Capital.

The capital of this viceroyalty is the city of BUENOS AYRES, containing a population of sixty thousand souls, or, according to Estalla, of forty thousand, of whom the greater part are Creoles. This city is situated in 34 35 south latitude and 5T 24 west longitude, on the south side of the Rio de la Plata, adjoining to a small river, from which the plain it is built on, gently ascends. It was founded in 1535 by Don Pedro de Mendoza, who gave it the name of Buenos Ayres, on account of its fine climate, but was abandoned soon after, and not rebuilt until 1582, after which it speedily in creased, and was erected into a bishopric in 1620, and into the capital in 177& Buenos Ayres is well fortified, and its streets are straight, hand some, and clean, being paved on each side. The principal square is very large, and contains the residence of the governor, and the houses are

　

[169] BUENOS AYRES.

built of brick or chalk, consisting generally of two stories, with a tiled roof. The cathedral is a spacious and elegant structure, and there is a church appropriated for the Indians, with several convents, chapels, &c.

The distance from Cape Santa Maria, the en trance of the La Plata, to Buenos Ayres, is 200 miles : but the navigation is very dangerous, owing to rocks and shallows. In consequence of these dangers, large vessels generally come to an anchor every night in sailing up, and on the most moderate days it is necessary to be very vigilant, owing to the sudden effects of the blasts from the plains. After arriving within three leagues of the city, the cargoes are put into light vessels, and the ships go to the bay of Barragan, about twenty-four miles below, to refit and wait for freights.

The principal streets of this town are the Calle de la Santa Trinidada, and the Calle de San Benito. The former runs almost the whole length of the city, and is occupied by the richer classes, who have also splendid villas in the country ; almost every house has a garden both before and behind, and many have balconies latticed for odoriferous shrubs and flowers. The interior of the houses display great wealth, but not much cleanliness ; and in summer they cover their floors with fine Indian matting, and in winter with carpets.

The gardens are watered by small canals, and there is generally a large basin or reservoir in each, from which water is conducted by pipes into the houses. That part of the city inhabited by the negroes and castes has a very mean appearance, and, being very dirty, presents a great contrast to the external show of the other parts. The churches are covered with cupolas and steeples, which give them a handsome look, and the town-hall is a fine building in the great square ; the convents, nun neries, the hospital for men, that for women, and those for foundlings and orphans, being edifices of

　

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stone, of a beautiful whiteness, which is quarried in the plains near the city.

Buenos Ayres is well supplied with provisions, particularly with fish and flesh ; there is no place in the world where butcher s meat is better, more plentiful, or cheaper ; and it is frequently distri buted to the poor, as the merchants often buy the animal for the sake of the hide alone. Poultry is. dear, a couple of fowls costing as much as an ox. Buenos Ayres was taken by the British in 1806, but retaken after six weeks by the inhabitants ; the subsequent events have been already noticed. Its port is the great outlet for all the produce of the interior, and, in times of war, much of the pro duce of Peru and Chili pass to Europe by it, as well as Vicuna wool from the Andes, copper from Coquimbo, gold from Chili, silver from Potosi, and from Paraguay, the finest tobacco, sugars, cotton, yellow wax and threads. The commerce carried on with Peru is chiefly returned in mules and cattle, with matte, or Paraguay tea. Goods are conveyed in covered waggons ovet the vast plains to Mendoza in one month ; from this place they cross the ridges of the Andes on mules to Santiago, a distance of eighty leagues ; and thence in carts, to Valparaiso, a distance of thirty leagues, which occupies fifteen days more.

The climate of the city of Buenos Ayres is hot during the summer season, and during the winter so much cold is felt that water generally freezes slightly : but if this happens often the season is reckoned very severe. The north and east winds are the most common ; a north-east wind always brings heat, and a south-east cold ; and these winds are generally violent, and when the westerly winds, begin they blow with extreme force, and are known by the name of Pamperos, from their having their origin in the great Pampas or plains. The atmosphere is very moist, and those rooms which have a southern aspect are always damp, as the

　

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walls to the south are covered with moss, and the roofs with long bushy grass, which grows nearly three feet high, and which requires to be cleared away occasionally to prevent its injuring the houses. During summer rains are common, and are often accompanied with dreadful thunder and light nings. In the year 1793, the electric fluid struck the city of Buenos Ayres in thirty-seven different places by which nineteen persons were killed.

This city is a bishop's see, suffragan of the archbishop of Charcas.

A court of royal audience for the eastern pro vinces of Buenos Ayres was erected here soon after the establishment of the viceregal form of go vernment, but at present is superseded by other re gulations which the independent government have adopted.

　

GOVERNMENT OF LOS CHARCAS, OR POTOSI.

THIS government is one of the recent acquisi tions of Buenos Ayres, and in point of mineral produce is the most valuable of its territories. It is bounded on the north by the chain or Cordil lera of Vilcanota, which separates it from the Peruvian provinces, and by countries inhabited by wandering tribes ; on the east it has the mountains of Arequipa, the Pacific ocean and the Chilian Andes ; on the west the governments of Paraguay and Buenos Ayres ; and on the south that of Buenos Ayres.

Its most noted districts are Lampa, Carabaya Ansangaro, Chucuito, Paucar-Colla, Pacajes, Omasuyos, Larecaja, La Paz, Sicasica, Oruro, Paria, Carangas, Porco, Chayanta, Charcas Proper, Pilaya, Cochabamba, Pomabamba, Tomina, Atacama, Lipes, Amparaes, Apolabamba, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Tarija, Chiquitos, Moxos and Chacos, the last three being countries inhabited

　

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by independent tribes, among whom there are & few missionaries and settlements.

This immense tract is covered with deserts, forests, vast plains and rivers, and its most popu lous parts are those which are called Provincias de la Sierra, and which lie on or near the Andes. The Inca Capac Yupanqui subjected these pro vinces to his sceptre ; his son Inca Roca continued the conquests of his father, and greatly extended the dominions of Peru on the east, till he became master of all the nations as far as the place where the city of La Plata was afterwards built.

After the conquest of the western parts of Peru by the Spaniards, they turned their attention to wards reducing the remote tribes. In 1588 Gonzalo Pizarro marched at the head of a body of troops from Cuzco, and advancing to Charcas, was opposed with such spirit by the natives, that it was not till after great efforts that they were subdued ; this was the commencement of the Spanish colonization of La Plata; and the different conquests, and the descriptions of the numerous districts of this government will be treated of in describing their chief towns.

The capital of Charcas is Chuquisaca y or La Plata, in 19° 40' south latitude, and 66° 46' west longitude, in a small plain surrounded with mountains. In summer the temperature of the air is very mild, nor is there any very great difference throughout the year ; but in winter, which com mences in September and lasts till March, rains are very frequent, and are accompanied with thunder and lightning. This town was erected into a bishopric in 1551, and in 1608 was raised to the metropolitan dignity. It was founded by Pedro Anzures, in 1539, by order of Gonzalo Pizarro, on the scite of the In dian town of Chuquisaca ; which name it now ge nerally bears, it having received its other appel-

　
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lation of La Plata, in consequence of the number of silver mines in its vicinity.

The houses are generally two stories high, and covered with tiles ; they are Jarge, convenient, and have beautiful gardens, in which grow all sorts of European fruits. The cathedral is also large and well ornamented, and there is a parish church appropriated solely for the Indians, who live in the suburbs, and amount to about 3000.

Besides these there are five convents, each of which has a handsome church, two nunneries, an university, and two colleges.

The greatest evil attending the situation of this city is the want of water, which is only scantily supplied by the public fountains, dispersed in dif ferent places.

Chuquisaca is famous as being the seat of the Royal Audience of Los Charcas, which is the su preme court of Buenos Ayres, and has the viceroy for its president ; it was erected in 1559.

The magistracy of this city are chosen from among the first nobility, and consist of a corregidor, regidores, and alcaldes, who govern the dis trict attached to the town, which includes a very large space around it, and contains, amongst others, the celebrated city and mines of Potosi.

The inhabitants of La Plata are computed at 14,000. In the district surrounding the capital, and which is called CHARCAS, are several rivers, which form from their united streams the Pilcomayo. The names of these rivers are the Tarapaya, that runs from Porco ; the Potosi, which is employed in washing the ores in the mines of that name ; and the Cachimayo, which passes near La Plata ; after the junction of this last, the united stream flows through the districts of Pilaya, Paspaya, and Tomina, from whence it enters Chaco, and runs 80 leagues as far as the Llanos de Manso, after which its channel is through thick forests to the

　
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south-east, and it enters the Paraguay, south of the city of Asuncion, in between 25° 40' and 26° 20' south latitude, by two mouths, after a course of 600 miles. Its banks are inhabited by independent nations, who are so warlike, that the Jesuits in vain sought for a passage by this stream, from Peru to Paraguay.

The city of Potosi, included in this jurisdiction, is in 19° 47' south latitude, and 67° 22' west lon gitude, east-south-east of Lima in Peru, in a country inclosed by the mountainous district of Porco ; the climate is cold, and the environs very barren, the valleys being destitute of wood, the sides of the hills covered only with moss, and their summits capped with eternal snows. A few vicunas are now and then seen grazing in this elevated and desolate region, which would never have been frequented by man, had it not hap pened, that Diego Hualca, an Indian peasant, was pursuing some wild goats, and arriving at a Very steep place, laid hold of a small shrub to prevent himself from falling, but the shrub being unable to support his weight, was torn up by the roots, and disclosed to the astonished hunter, a rich mass of silver, lumps of which adhered to the earth, that came away with the plant. The Indian who lived at Porco, made use of this inexhaustible fund of riches for a length of time, but his good fortune could not remain long concealed, as his friend Guanca, observing a considerable change in his manner of living, became anxious to investigate the cause, and pressing Hualca constantly to know the reason, he at last disclosed the mystery. They however kept their secret for some time, till Hualca, refus ing to show his friend the manner of purifying the metal, the latter related the whole affair to Villaroel, his master, who also resided at Porco. Villaroel accordingly proceeded to the vein, on the gist of April 1545, and procuring the necessary assistance, the mine was immediately opened.

　
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The City of Potosi was founded in a narrow glen, on the river of the same name, on the south side of the mountain which contains the mines, in the year 1547. A royal mint was established in 1562, and so rapidly did its population increase, that in 1611, the town contained 160,000 inhabitants, but from various causes, the population of this city since that time has continually decreased, and at present it consists only of about 30,000 souls. Potosi has a mint, six convents, two nunneries, a college and an hospital ; and its inhabitants are still chiefly concerned in the working of the mines, and consist of whites, mestizoes, and Indians, for the latter of whom there are six curates and chapels in the city and its district. The city of Potosi is 45 miles west-south-west of La Plata.

The celebrated mines of Potosi are in the same mountain on which the city is built. This mountain is three miles in circumference, and is of a sharp conical figure, rising to the height of 4360 feet above the plain, and is known by the name of Hatun Potocsi ; its summit is crowned by a bed of porphyry, which gives it the well defined conical form it possesses. This famous mine has caused the destruction of thousands of human beings, for in the latter end of the 16th century, 15,000 Indians were constantly forced to work in it ; but at present, there are not more than 000 miners, who are well paid, and usually work from choice alone ; 15,000 llamas and 15,000 asses, are constantly employed in carrying the ore to the amalgamation works in the city. The mint of Potosi coined in 1790, 299,246 piastres of gold, and 3,293,173 of silver, or 886,620l. sterling. From the discovery of these mines, till the year 1803, they have supplied 1,095,500,000 piastres, or 237,358,334l. sterling, which has paid the royal duties; and this also only includes silver, con sequently the gold and smuggled metals must have swelled the total furnished by the works to a much

　
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greater amount. At present, the minerals are poor, and their abundance only causes the Spaniards to work them ; but according to Helms, if they were properly managed, they would still produce from twenty to thirty millions of dollars yearly. The mountain is perforated by about 300 rude shafts ; and the numerous furnaces which surround it, form at night a very singular spectacle. Potosi is distant from its metropolis, Buenos Ay res, 1873 miles across a road, which for 400 miles, lies over a rocky mountainous country, very difficult to pass.

The annual produce of this mountain at present, is not more than five or 600,000 marcs of silver (each marc being two-thirds of a pound). The richest shafts or workings are in the north-side of the mountain, and are named, La Descubridora, Del Estaño, La Rica, and La Mendieta, their direction running south.

Other causes occasionally conspire to render the vicinity of these mines more populous than the mere riches they contain ; as some hot medicinal baths are found here, called Don Diego, to which many people from the neighbouring towns resort ; there is also a great concourse of peasants and merchants to the city, to supply it with pro visions, &c., with which articles the district around it is totally unprovided.

The district of TOMINA begins about eighteen leagues south-east of La Plata, and borders east ward on the Chiriguanos, a nation of independent Indians ; it is twenty-four leagues in length from north to south, and seventy in circumference, con taining a mountainous country, in the valleys of which there are some sugar plantations, and in its higher parts, it feeds large and small, cattle and horses. The climate is in general hot, and in some of the valleys excessively so. The rivers which water Tomina are small and unite into one stream, named El Dorado, and it is separated from Santa Cruz de la Sierra, by the

　
[177] BUENOS AYRES.
Rio Grande, which joins the Mamore. There are some small lakes in this province, two of which are in a district, named Mayocaya.

In this province, the inhabitants who are mostly Indians, amount to 12,000, and the town of the same name, is fifty-five miles east of La Plata, in 19° 10' south latitude, and 65° 46' west longitude, but is inconsiderable ; the vicinity of the war like Indians, rendering the province an insecure place of abode.

The town of Porco or Talavera de la Puna, in 19° 40' south latitude, and 67° 56' west longitude, is the capital of the province of PORCO, which com mences on the west side of the town of Potosi, and extends twenty leagues.

The coldness of its situation, amid the high ridges of the Andes, occasions a scarcity of fruits and grain ; but it abounds with fine cattle, and the mountain of Porco in this province is cele brated, as having been the place from whence the Incas of Peru drew the greater part of their silver, and was the first mine worked by the Spaniards after the conquest ; the district still producing great quantities of that metal, par ticularly at Tomahave, and the mines of the Porco mountain, which are twenty-three leagues from Chuquisaca.

The inhabitants amount to 22,000.

Thirty leagues south of La Plata, lies the pro vince of CHICHAS Y TARIJA ; it is a very fertile territory, and produces wheat, maize, oil, wine and fruits ; it also contains excellent pastures, abounds in cattle, and has several gold and silver mines. The river Tipuanis, which flows on its eastern side, carries much gold in its sand, which the natives employ themselves in collecting.

The greatest extent of this province is thirty-five leagues, and the eastern parts are only separated from the independent tribes, by the above men tioned river. Its chief town is San Bernardo de

　
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Tarija

, which was founded by Don Francisco de Toledo, to repel the incursions of the warlike Indians, and to defend the high road to Tucuman, in 1591. It has four convents and a college, formerly belonging to the Jesuits ; in one of its convents, a cross is adored, which it is pretended, was found by the conquerors of Peru in a cave in this country ; and that it was made by one of the Apostles, who had preached the Gospel to the Peruvians.

Joining Tarija, and on the south-west, is the province of LIPES which extends 35 leagues.

Its capital of the same name is 150 miles south-south-west of Potosi, in 21° 40' south latitude, and 68 16 west longitude.

The climate of this country is excessively cold, and its chief commerce consists in the produce of its mines, of which it possesses two of gold, one of silver, and one of copper.

The silver mine of St. Christoval de Acochala was formerly the most valuable in Peru, but at present is not worked owing to the want of hands. Lipes abounds in cattle, and with vicunas, alpa cas and llamas, the high chain of the Andes pervading this province.

AMPARAES or YAMPARAES is a district to the east of La Plata, and bounds the province of Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Its productions are chiefly grain in its warm plains, and cattle on its high lands and cold districts.

ORURO, or San Felipe de Oruro, is a city thirty leagues north-west of La Plata, and capital of a ju risdiction or province of the same name. The greater part of this country lying on the Andes is exceedingly cold and barren, producing only herb age for the pasture of cattle and sheep, with nume rous herds of Peruvian camels. It contains many gold and silver mines which were formerly very famous, but most of them have been abandoned, though the mountains of Popo still yield much sil-

　
[179] BUENOS AYRES.

ver. The capital has five convents, and four churches, and is a populous place, with a revenue office for collecting the duties on the metals.

PILAYA Y PASPAYA, or CINTI, is a province lying forty leagues south of La Plata and bounded on the north by Tomina and Pomabamba, on the east by the Chiriguanos Indians, and on the west and south by Porco and Chichas. Its length is about thirty leagues and its width forty, and this province is in tersected in all directions, by the Cordillera, among whose breaches and valleys its inhabitants are set tled. They are dispersed in different estates, and amount to 12,000. The climate in the valleys is- moderately hot, and the soil very productive. The grapes of this district are made into wine and brandies, which are much esteemed in the neigh bouring provinces, and the river San Juan which rises in Lipes, pervades this country. The Toro-palca and the Cinti also fertilise the valleys through which they run, and the Supas and Agchilla form, by their united streams, the Paspaya which divides the province from Pomabamba, and runs into the Pilcomayo.

The towns of Pilaya and Paspaya were destroyed by the incursions of the Indians from the east, so that the corregidor resides on an estate in the fertile valley of Cinti ; but there are some abundant lead mines in the settlement of Pototaca.

The province of CHAYANTAS begins fifty leagues north-west of La Plata, extending for about forty leagues. This district is famous for its silver mines, of which it contains three, with one of copper, one of tin, and two of lead ; and the Rio Grande which flows through it deposits auriferous particles in its bed. The cattle in this province are barely suffi cient to feed the inhabitants, who are not numerous.

Adjoining to Chayantas is the province of PARIA, which is bounded by that of Pacajes on the north, on the north-east, by Oruro, east and south-east by

　

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Porco, south-west by Lipes, and west by Caranjas. It contains several silver mines, and, lying among the mountains, is of a cold temperature.

There are also some salt mines in it, and a small lake from which that article is extracted.

A rapid river rising in lake Chucuito, runs through this province, and is called the Desaguadero, or drain, forming a lake four leagues long and two wide. The river ends in this basin, which has given rise to various conjectures concerning the manner in which the water finds a vent, as the lake Is always of the same level ; but in one part of it is a whirlpool which sucks down any rafts that get within its vortex. In the year 1748 this singular lake rose to a great height.

The inhabitants of Paria amount to 10,000, and employ themselves in farming ; and the cheeses of this district are much sought after.

Its capital of the same name is 210 miles north west of La Plata, in 18° 50' south latitude, and 68° 20' west longitude.

The province of CARANJAS commences 70 leagues west of La Plata, and extends above 50 leagues on the west bank of Lake Paria. The Andes per vading this district, the climate is very cold, and it produces no grain, but has abundant pastures for cattle, vicunas, &c. There are also many silver mines, two of which are very productive, and one of copper is worked.

A singular silver ore is found in the mines of Turco, which consists of beautiful fibres, penetrat ing the mass of stone in which they are contained. In the sandy desert parts of Caranjas that extend towards the Pacific are discovered lumps of na tive silver, which are called Papas, or potatoes, be cause they are dug out of the ground like that root.

These lumps have the appearance of melted silver, and many of them have been found weigh ing as much as 150 marcs, and more than a foot in length. The capital of this province, which

　
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is not populous, is a small town of the same name, on a rivulet which flows into the southern ex tremity of Lake Paria.

The city of Oropesa is the capital of a province named COCHABAMBA, of about 40 leagues in ex tent, which is bounded by Sicasica on the north west, La Paz on the west, Chayantas on the south, and Charcas, or La Plata, and Santa Cruz de la Si erra on the east, and lying 50 leagues south-east of Plata. It possesses one gold mine, and several of silver, but they are not productive. The chief wealth of this province is in its agricultural pro duce, as it is fertilized by so many rivers and streams, that it yields immense harvests of grain, &c. From this circumstance it has obtained the appellation of the granary of Peru. The climate is in general mild and healthful.

The Rio Grande is its principal river, which rises in the Andes, west of the district of Sicasica.

Oropesa, the capital, is a very considerable place ; it is seated on a small river, which is one of the streams of the Rio Grande, in a beautiful and fertile valley ; and the chief occupation of its inhabitants, consists in supplying the neighbouring provinces with fruits and grain. It is 150 miles north-west of La Plata, in 18° 15' south latitude, and 67° 6' west longitude.

The province of SICASICA is a very extensive tract, of nearly a hundred leagues in length, and contains some silver mines, two of which are worked. The far greater part of this district lies among the mountains, and it has Cochabamba to its west, Oruro to the south, Paria to the east, and La Paz to the north. Those parts which con sist of plains or valleys, are extremely hot, and produce great quantities of coca or betel, with which the neighbouring provinces are supplied. The mountains feed large herds of cattle, and flocks of vicunas, guanucos, &c. ; and, the capital is Sicasica, 40 miles north-north-west of Oruro.

　
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POMABAMBA is a province bounded on the north by Tomina ; east by the lands of the independent tribes ; west by Porco and Amparaes, and south by Pilaya y Paspaya. It is about 24 leagues in length, and has no other town than its capital, the inhabitants being dispersed in their plantations.

Its population is only 3000 souls, who gain a scanty subsistence from their farms, which are often plundered by the Chiriguanos Indians. It has the river Parapeti on the north, and the Rio Nuevo on the east, which separates it from the In dian territories.

The capital of the same name is on the shore of the Parapeti, in 19° 55' south latitude, and 64° 8' west longitude, nine miles east of La Plata.

The province of La PAZ lies north of Sicasica, and consists only of a small district round the city of the same name, in the vicinity of the western Cor dillera of the Andes. The produce of this country is barley, coca or betel, and papas. It is chiefly noted for the city of La Paz, or Chuquiavo, or Pueblo Nuevo, which was first founded by Mayta Capac, the fourth Inca, who subdued this country ; but the Spaniards thinking this an advantageous place, as a post between Arequipa and La Plata, built the city under the presidency of Pedro de la Gasca, who ordered Alonzo de Mendoza to place it midway between Cuzco and Charcas, and to call it Neustra Senora de la Paz, in memory of the public tranquillity being settled by the defeat of Gonzalo Pizarro and his adherents. Accordingly a valley in the country, called Las Pacasas, was pitched upon, in which the city was begun, on the 8th of October 1548, the place abounding in cattle, grain, &c.

This city is in 17° 15' south latitude, and 68° 25' west longitude, and 120 miles east-south-east of Arequipa ; 288 south-east of Cuzco ; 612 south-east of Lima ; and 234 west of Santa Cruz de la

　
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Sierra, on a fine river, which flows through the valley.

The adjacent Cordillera, which is only 12 leagues distant, is very high, and one of its summits, called Illimani, is covered with perpetual snow, which exposes the district to so cold a climate, that hard frosts, storms of hail, &c., are not uncommon. But the city is not subject to these, enjoying a salu brious air, and considerable heat.

The unequal ground on which La Paz is seated, the snow-clad mountains, the fertile valleys and the fine river give peculiar charms to its scenery. The inhabitants in the district around the city are mostly confined to the valley, as the higher grounds are covered with forests which afford shelter to bears, jaguars, pumas, &c.

They find some gold in the river, when it is in creased by the melting of the snow, which forces large masses of rock from the mountain of Illimani. In 1730, an Indian discovered in this stream a lump of gold of such size, that it was bought for 12,000 piastres, and sent to the king.

La Paz has a fine cathedral and four churches, four convents, a college, three nunneries, and an hospital, and contains 20,000 inhabitants, who are chiefly engaged in trading in Paraguay tea. A late traveller represents it to be an elegant and clean place.

It is a bishop's see, whose revenues are very considerable.

This city had formerly the five following pro vinces or districts under its jurisdiction, and its bishop still holds ecclesiastical sway over them ; viz. Omasuyos, Pacages, Laricaxas, Chucuito and Paucar-colla.

The district of OMASUYOS begins at the gates of La Paz, and extends 20 leagues, being bounded on the west by lake Chucuito or Titicaca. Its climate is very cold, so that it produces little corn; but its pastures feed a great number of cattle ; and

　
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it has four gold mines. It is chielly inhabited by Indians. Near the borders of this province is the town or village of Tiahanuaco, in which are colossal pyramids and gigantic figures cut out of stone ; and these, though much injured by the weather, are highly singular, and are conjectured to have existed before the times of the Peruvian Incas. This place is thirty-six miles north-west of La Paz, in south latitude 17° 17' and very near the south-east coast of lake Titicaca.

Unfortunately no traveller has given a detailed account of these images, which are supposed to be the most ancient and singular in America.

PACAJES is bounded on the north by Chucuito and the great lake ; north-east, by Omasuyos ; east, by La Paz and Sicasica ; south, by Oruro, Paria and Carangas, and south-west and west, by the Peruvian province of Arica, which is separated from it by the lofty chain of the Andes.

Its length from the bridge over the river Desa- guadaro, which divides it from Chucuito to the province of Paria, is fifty-six leagues, and its greatest width forty. From the neighbourhood of the Andes, its climate is cold, and its soil not very productive. Its inhabitants are dispersed in small settlements, and consist chiefly of Indians, who are employed in tending cattle and sheep, with which it abounds.

There were formerly several mines of silver and emeralds, but they are not worked at present. A mine of talc supplies the whole of Peru with plates of that substance to serve instead of window glass for the churches and houses.

Including Tiahanuaco, there are fifteen settle ments in Pacajes, which has a capital of the same name, eighty miles south-west of La Paz, in a vari able climate, and whose chief commerce consists in the sale of cattle to the neighbouring towns.

LARICAXAS, north of La Paz, is a district which extends 24-0 miles from east to west, and 75 from

　
[185] BUENOS AYRES.
north to south ; it bounds that of Carabaya on the north, and most of its products are the same as those in that province. It contains many gold mines, the metal found in which is of a superior fineness, and four of these mines are in work. The mountain of Sunchutt in this province is celebrated as having been the situation of a gold mine which was discovered in 1709, and was worked with im mense profit till 1756, when it was inundated by a spring which suddenly burst in it, and all attempts to get the water under have since proved in vain.

CHUCUITO commences twenty leagues west of La Paz, and borders the western shore of lake Titicaca. The extent of this province from north to south is about twenty-eight leagues, its climate,, from the high mountains of which it is composed, is cold, and its chief trade consists in the cattle which are pastured in its elevated plains.

The Andes in this province contain many veins of silver, but none of them are worked at present, and the great lake Chucuito takes its name from this district 5 it is supplied with water from ten or twelve large rivers, and has no other outlet than by the Desaguadero, which flows from it into lake Paria, and is there lost. It abounds with fish, though its waters are bitter and brackish, and numbers of geese and other wild fowl frequent its shores, which are covered with strong flags or rushes of which the bridges in the country are constructed.

It contains many islands, one of which, Titi caca, was formerly a mountain, but was levelled by the Incas. This island gave the lake one of its names, Titicaca signifying Leaden Mountain ; and Manco Capac having first appeared here, the succeeding Incas raised a temple of the sun in memory of the event.

This temple was one of the most splendid in the empire, and contained the greatest riches, owing

　
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to the obligation which all the Peruvians were under of visiting it, and depositing an offering on the shrine. On the conquest of the country by the Spaniards it is said all these riches, and even the walls of the temple itself, were thrown into the lake.

Towards the south part of the lake the banks approach each other, and form a bay, which termi nates in the Rio Desaguadero, or the Drain, and over this river is a bridge of rushes, invented by Capac Yupanqui, the fifth Inca, in order to trans port his army across the stream, which is between eighty and one hundred yards in breadth, flowing with an impetuous under current, though its sur face is smooth. The Inca caused four large cables to be made of the long grass which grows on the high Paramos or deserts of the Andes, two of these were stretched across the stream, bundles of dry rushes or flags from the borders of the lake were laid across them, and fastened together ; on these the other two cables were laid, and they were again covered with other bundles of flags, smaller than the iirst and firmly fastened together in such a manner as to form a level surface, and over this marched the Peruvian army to the conquest of Charcas.

This bridge, which is five yards broad, and one and a half above the river, is repaired or rebuilt, as circumstances require, every six months, in pursuance of a law made by the Incas, and fol lowed up by the Spanish government, on account of its great utility.

The island Titicaca contains several settlements, and, among others, that of Copacavana, celebrated for its sanctuary of Nuestra Senora de Copacavana. The island produces fruits, flowers and vegetables, pastures much cattle, and in its woods are found wild rabbits and pigeons.

The Indians navigate this lake on balsas or rafts, supported by inflated skins, and carry on by

　
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this means a considerable commerce with the towns on the banks.

Chucuito

, a small town on the banks of the lake, is the capital of this province, which contains, as do the shores in general, many settlements, villages and towns.

PAUCARCOLLA, the last of the old provinces of La Paz, is bounded on the north-east by the lake ; east by the same and Chucuito ; north by Lampa ; west by Moquehua in Peru ; and south by Pacajes and Arica, also in Peru. It is eighty-six leagues long, and twenty-eight broad, and is wa tered by several streams flowing into the lake, of which the Rio Suches and the Taraco are the largest.

The climate is generally cold, and in the parts bordering on Lake Titicaca are cultivated Peruvian bark, papas, barley, &c. The chief occupation of the inhabitants consists in breeding cattle, sheep, pigs and llamas, and there are many vicunas, deer, partridges and lake fowl, which are caught or killed by the natives ; the lake also supplies fish, and by means of it the Indians carry dressed hides, thread, &c., and take in exchange wines, brandies and other commodities from the adjacent districts. They fabricate their clothing and other articles from the wool of the Peruvian camel, and carry on a considerable traffic in that article. The capital was formerly the present settlement of the same name, but it was transferred to that of Huancane, till the discovery of the mines of Laicacota, when that large village became the chief town ; since that time it has again changed, and is now seated at Puna, from whence the whole pro vince is sometimes called.

Cancharani

and San Josef, two mountains in this district, contain rich veins of silver, which have been worked with great effect ; on the north of these is the mountain Del Azogue, or of quicksil ver, which was formerly worked to such advantage 　
[188] SOUTH AMERICA.

that it exceeded the produce of the celebrated mines at Guancavelica : but the government sus pended the operations at this place from some poli tical motives.

The furnaces in the mines of this province are supplied by the natives, who breed cattle, with cow-dung, to serve as fuel, which is used instead of wood, on account of the scarcity of that article, and proves a good substitute.

The inhabitants of this province amount to more than 26,000 souls, dispersed in fifteen settle ments and towns.

Paucarcolla

, the old capital, is situated on the banks of Lake Titicaca, and inhabited by a few Spanish families. The Inca Yupanqui, third em peror of Peru, added this place to his territories, the natives submitting voluntarily.

Puna

, the present capital, stands on the shores of the lake in 16° 20' south latitude, 70° 26' west longitude, and is a rich and populous place, con taining many illustrious families, with a beautiful church for the whites, and another for the Indians. The mines in the neighbourhood of this town were among the richest in Peru, but were abandoned on the death of their owner, who built the Spanish church. It is, however, said, that the rich mines of Salcedo or Loycacota are again in work. Puna is fourteen miles north-west of Chucuito.

The remaining districts towards the Peruvian frontier, and which were under the jurisdiction of the audience of Cuzco, until the formation of the new kingdom of Buenos Ayres, are Asangaro, Carabaya and Lampa.

ASANGARO or ASANGARO Y ASILA, is bounded on the north-east and east, by Carabaya, south-east and south by Laricaxa, south-west by Paucarcolla and lake Chucuito, and west and north-west by Lampa. It is sixty miles in length and as many in breadth, containing about 3000 inhabitants.

As it lies almost entirely on the Andes, which

　
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are here very high, its climate is cold, and the soil produces little else than grass to pasture the cattle, in which its trade consists. Papas, quinoas, and canaguas, grow plentifully in its plains ; of the two last, the natives make an intoxicating liquor common in Peru, called chica [sic], which is nearly the same as the spirit procured in Mexico from maize ; and chica is also the principal beverage of the Indians inhabiting the Andes.

The chief towns of the same name are mere villages, but near Asila is a lead mine, which has been very productively worked ; and in the parts of this province bordering on Carabaya, there are several silver mines, three of which are worked.

CARABAYA is bounded on the north by the Peru vian frontier, east by the country of the independent Indians, and west and south by Asangara. The extreme parts of this province are sixty leagues from Cuzco, and its greatest extent is more than fifty leagues ; but lying in a mountainous region, its climate is generally cold, though some of its valleys enjoy heat enough to mature the coca or betel; and it abounds in grain, vegetables, and rich pastures, which feed numerous herds of cattle. Carabaya contains silver and gold mines in great numbers, one of the former and two of the latter being in work.

The river which separates it from the Indian countries, contains much gold in its sand ; and the Indians of Peru are said to come down in companies to this river, in order to collect sufficient metal to pay the capitation tax.

In the village of Poto is an office for collecting the royal duties on the mines, and the most famous lavaderos or washing places, are San Juan del Oro, Pablo Coya, and Monte de Anauca, two leagues from Poto.

The greatest gold mine is that of Aporama j the metal being twenty-three carats fine.

Carabaya

, or San Juan del Oro, is the capital of 　
[190] SOUTH AMERICA.

this province, 150 miles south-east of Cuzeo, in 14 40 south latitude, and 69 36 west Ion- gitude.

LAMPA is bounded on the north and west by the Peruvian frontier, and on the south and east by Chucuito and Asangaro. It lies on the ridge named the Chain of Vilcanota, which separates Buenos Ayres from Peru ; and its climate, though generally cold, is heal thy. It carries on a considerable trade in cattle ; and its silver mines are very nu merous, but only two are worked to advantage.

The capital is a town of the same name, ninety miles south of Cuzco ; in the vicinity of which are the richest mines of the province.

This town is in 14° 55' south latitude, and 81 44 west longitude.

Pucara

, a village in this province, is remarkable as containing the ruins of a fort built by the Peru vians, having two large stone reservoirs within it ; some of the stones of which are three yards long and two broad, and not far from this fort is a fountain of warm water.

Having now described the northern and Andean districts or provinces of Charcas or La Plata, we must turn to those which lie on the coast of the Pacific, on the east, and those towards Paraguay on the west.

The viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres enjoys the advantage of possessing a province on the shores of the Great Southern Ocean, which, though at present nearly desert, may one day become of great importance. This province named ATACAMA, is bounded on the north by Arica in Peru, on the west by the Pacific or South Sea, on the north-east by Lipes, south-east by the government of Tucuman, and south by Copiapo, in the kingdom of Chili. It is divided into High and Low Atacama, and is of great extent, some parts of it being very fruitful, but intermixed with deserts, par ticularly towards the south, where there is an im-

　
[191] BUENOS AYRES.

mense tract of untenanted land, which divides La Plata from Chili. The sea-coast of this province, is noted for the numerous fisheries established on it, and which supply a large fish, called Tolo, that forms the chief food of the inland dis tricts of La Plata during Lent.

The inhabitants of Atacama are chiefly Indians, those who live in the settlements, amounting only to 2500.

Its chief town is Atacama, in a barren plain, surrounded by the lofty summits of the Cordillera, which are uninhabited, owing to the intense cold. This town is a small place, 100 miles from the South Sea, and 120 leagues from La Plata, in 23° 30' south latitude, and 69° 30' west longitude.

Crossing towards the east from this western boundary of Buenos Ayres, we find the provinces of Apolabamba, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Chiquitos, Moxos and Chacos.

APOLABAMBA is bounded on the east by the pro vince of Moxos, and on the west by Carabaya, commencing about sixty leagues from Cuzco in Peru, and extending eighty leagues from south west to north-east. The country is mountainous, and intersected with rocks and precipices, con sequently the roads are very rugged and difficult.

The principal cultivation consists in rice, maize, plantains, &c., which are the common food of the inhabitants. In the plains or valleys, some cacao and cotton are raised, but more grows wild than in plantations, and the forests are numerous and filled with wild beasts and monkeys of every kind. The people carry their produce to La Paz, where they procure what is necessary for their comforts.

Apolabamba is a newly planted colony, and consists mostly of settlements of Indians, who have been converted by the Franciscan missionaries. Seven villages are in a flourishing condition, and in order to defend these from the incursions of the

　
[192] SOUTH AMERICA.

surrounding tribes, the inhabitants are formed into a militia, governed by a Spanish officer.

SANTA CRUZ DE LA SIERRA is a very large pro vince including several districts ; it is, as its name indicates, a mountainous country, and little in habited by Spaniards, the chief places being the missions, which were first planted by the Jesuits. It borders on, or rather contains in its government, the countries of the Chiquitos, Guaranis, and other tribes, among whom a few missions are settled.

Its climate is warm, ana the chief trade of its settlers consists in honey and wax.

The capital is Santa Cruz de la Sierra, eighty or ninety leagues east from La Plata. It was ori ginally built farther to the south near the Cordil lera of the Chiriguanos and was founded in 1548 by De Chaves ; but the city having been destroyed, it was rebuilt on its present scite : it is however 3, place of little importance, though erected into a bishopric in 1605, the chapter consisting only of the bishop, dean, and archdeacon. The usual resi dence of the bishop is at Mizque Pocona, which is the chief town of a large district of the same name. This latter city, which is 100 miles south-south-west from Santa Cruz, is a small place in a valley about eight leagues in circumference, producing all kinds of grain and fruits, and in a warm climate ; the woods and mountains affording large quantities of honey and wax, which constitutes a principal branch of the trade of the place.

There is also a lake two leagues in extent near this town, and the district of Mizque is the most populous part of the province.

The Rio Grande de La Plata is the finest river of Santa Cruz ; it rises in some small lakes on the south, and running through the province into that of Moxos, enters the Piray by a broad mouth, and forms a good port at Pailas, north of the capital.

The province of CHIQUITOS lies to the north and

　
[193] BUENOS AYRES.

east of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and embraces an immense extent of territory, which reaches to the Brazilian frontier on the Paraguay.

It was first colonized by the Jesuits who began their missionary establishments in this country to wards the close of the seventeenth century, and their success was so great that in 1732 they had seven settlements, each containing more than 600 families. The Indians who inhabit Chiquitos are small-sized, active and brave, and have always re sisted the endeavours of the Portuguese to carry off members of their community to slavery ; many of them live peaceably in the missions, but others lead a wandering life amid the mountains and plains of .their native land.

The forests in this country produce the cinchona, or Jesuit's bark, and many other useful substances ; and the great inundation of the Paraguay, called Lake Xarayes, extends through the western parts of this province, which is also celebrated for con taining the third great branch of the Andes, that leaves the main body between 15° and 20' of south latitude, and crossing the provinces of the Sierra sweeps round Chiquitos, between 15° and 23', stretching from La Paz, Potosi and Tucuman, through Moxos, Chiquitos and Chaco, towards the government of the mines, and of St Pablo in Brazil. The highest summits of this chain appear to be between 15 and 20 of south latitude, giving rise to many rivers which flow either into the La Plata or the Maranon.

San Josef de Chiquitos

, the chief settlement of this province, is thirty-six miles north-west of Santa Cruz ; and south of the Chiquitos Indians, are an other tribe, named the Chiriguanos, whom the mis sionaries have in vain attempted to convert ; they are the terror of the western provinces of Buenos Ayres, and are continually at war with the Chiquitos. In their country flows the river Parapiti> which rising near Cochabamba in 18 south latitude, 　
[194] SOUTH AMERICA.

is first called Conderillo, and receiving smaller rivers, assumes the name of Parapiti, and passing through a large lake it turns to the north ; having pursued hitherto a south-east course into this lake, which is in 19° 50' south latitude. It is now called St. Miguel, and still running north assumes the name of Sara, and being joined by the united streams of the Piray and Plata, as well as several others from the province of Santa Cruz, it becomes a broad river, and in 14° south latitude, is called the Mamore, till 10° south latitude, when it leaves Peru or La Plata, and entering the Portuguese territories becomes the Madera, continuing under that name to south la titude, 3° 15', and 60° 40' west longitude, when it discharges its immense stream into the Maranon, after a course of 1400 miles.

Moxos or Mojos is an extensive territory bound ed by the Portuguese government of Matto Grosso on the east, Cuzco and the Peruvian provinces on the west, and Chiquitos and Santa Cruz on the south. It extends on each side of the Mamore, and is chiefly inhabited by warlike and wandering tribes of Indians, who forbid access to its interior. This country contains the lake Rogaguado, a large body of water of an oval figure, formed by an arm of the Rio Beni, which rises near La Paz on the west side of the Andes, in 18 south latitude, and flowing north, enters the Ucayale, their united streams joining the Apurimac. The banks of the Beni have many settlements of the missionaries. This lake empties itself into the Mamore by a chan nel called De la Exaltation, thus forming an im mense island of the country lying between the Ma ranon on the north, the Madera and Mamore on the east, and the Beni and Ucayale on the west. From lake Rogagualo three other rivers take their rise and flow into the Amazons on the north ; viz. the Jutay y the Juruay and the Puros.

There are several missionary villages in the pro-

　
[195] BUENOS AYRES.

of Moxos : but the country is still under the power of the aborigines.

CHACOS is another large territory, bounded by Chiquitos on the north ; Paraguay on the east ; the great plains of Manos on the south ; and Tucuman and Tarija on the west. It is of immense extent, and chiefly inhabited by tribes of wander ing Indians, having on its east the great chain of mountains on the banks of the Paraguay, and con tains the great Rio Pilcomayo, which flows into the Paraguay near Asuncion.

The Jesuits made several attempts to colonise Chaco, but did not succeed, and little is known concerning its products or features.

The adjoining government to Los Charcas, which has now been described as fully as the nature of the work would admit, is, --